How Places Get Their Names

How Places Get Their Names A  place name is a general term for the proper name of a locality. Also known as a toponym. In 1967, the first United Nations Congress for the Unification of Geographical Names decided that place names in general would be geographical name. This term would be used for all geographical entities. It was also decided that the term for natural locations would be toponym,  and  place name  would be used for locations for human life (Seiji Shibata in  Language Topics: Essays in Honour of Michael Halliday, 1987). These distinctions are commonly ignored. A transfer name is a place name copied from another locality with the same name. New York, for instance, is a transfer name from the city of York in England. Examples and Observations Place names are  . . .  a kind of fossil poetry, but, once affixed to a map, they tend to change rather less, and rather more slowly, than do other kinds of words. Because of this conservative quality, they afford a kind of folk history, a snapshot in time that enables us to read in them a record of important events and to reconstruct something of the culture of the namers at the time they assigned names to the places they saw.(Gregory McNamee,  Grand Canyon Place Names. Johnson Books, 1997)Words From Place Names[T]he process of making a word out of a place-name (a toponym) is  widespread. Tell someone a limerick? Drive in a limousine? Own an alsatian or a labrador? Play badminton or rugby? Run in a marathon? Dance the mazurka? You never quite know where a place-name is going to turn up.(David Crystal,  The Story of English in 100 Words. Profile Books, 2011)Transfer Names in the U.S.Many exotic American  place-names are  derived from transfers of place names, as Athens in Georgia and Euclid in Ohio indicate. The giving of classical place-names to American cities and towns was once fashionable. Many of them occur in the state of New York (e.g., Ithaca).(Zoltan Kovecses,  American English: An Introduction. Broadview, 2000) Presidential Place NamesNaming places was a virtual art form during the nineteenth century, as the westward movement opened up vast territories for settlement and spawned literally thousands of new incorporated places of all sizes.  Befitting the burgeoning  nationalism of the early Republic, American presidents contributed more than their share of place-names as the nation moved west. More than 3 percent of all American place-names, in fact, contain the names of the presidents from Washington to Lincoln.  Today, five presidents dominate  the list of presidential place-names, contributing their names to a total of nearly 1,200 states, counties, townships, cities, and villages across the United States. Lincoln is fourth on the list, behind Washington, Jackson, and Jefferson, and he is followed by Madison.(Kenneth Winkle, The Great Body of the Republic: Abraham Lincoln and the Idea of a Middle West.  The American Midwest: Essays on Regional History, ed. by  Andrew R. L. Cay ton and Susan E. Gray. Indiana University Press, 2001) American Indian Place Names[In the U.S.,] multitudinous cities, towns, villages, counties, mountains, plateaus, mesas, buttes, hills, lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, bays, and other geographical locations and features have Indian-related place-names. It is estimated that New England alone has 5,000 names derived from Indian languages.The etymology of Indian place-names takes various forms.  Some  place-names are  English spellings of spoken Indian words or word-phrases- the original Indian names for geographical features, altered over the centuries through usage. Others are Indian tribal names. Some are personal names,  after celebrated individuals or even mythical and fictional characters. Others are named after Indian-related events. Still others are English, French, or Spanish translations of Native concepts or objects.(Carl Waldman and Molly Braun, Atlas of the North American Indian, 3rd ed. Infobase, 2009)Can Do!Sometimes a controversy serves as the basis for a place name . Cando, North Dakota, got its name after county officials proclaimed they could name the town anything they chose. Others in the community did not think that way. In time, the officials got their way and chose to use the combined words can and do in the name, reflective of their claim.(Gerald R. Pitzl,  Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Greenwood, 2004) The Changing Sounds of Place NamesSounds of place names are changed  as languages change, and even when the languages remain the same in an area, the sounds of a place name are in a continual process  of shortening and simplification. Adramyttium, a Roman city, over the centuries changed to Edremit, Turkey, and the Roman colony of Colonia Agrippina became Cologne (or more properly, Koln), Germany. Constantinopolis became Constantinople and eventually Istanbul, Turkey.(Joel F. Mann,  An International Glossary of Place Name Elements. Scarecrow Press, 2005)Definite Articles With Place NamesCertain types of place-names are frequently preceded by the capitalized or lowercased article the:1.  Names of rivers (the Susquehanna, the Nile), mountain ranges (the White Mountains, the Alps), island groups (the Aleutian Islands, the Malay Archipelago), and regions (the Midwest, the Arctic).2.  Place-names that are plural in form  (the Great Plains, The Netherlands).3.  Place-names th at are also general vocabulary terms  (the South, the Continent).4. Place-names that are adjective/noun compounds (the Western Hemisphere, the Red Sea).Some place-names fall into more than one of these categories, while others, such The Bronx, the Ukraine, occur with the article for obscure, usually historically-rooted reasons.(Merriam-Websters Geographical Dictionary, 3rd. ed., 2001) Fossilized Words in British Place Names-[M]ost place names today are what could be called linguistic fossils. Although they originated as living units of speech, coined by our distant ancestors as descriptions of places in terms of their topography, appearance, situation, use, ownership, or other association, most have become, in the course of time, mere labels, no longer possessing a clear linguistic meaning. This is perhaps not surprising when one  considers that most  place names are  a thousand years old or more, and are expressed in vocabulary that may have evolved differently from the equivalent words in the ordinary language, or that may now be completely extinct or obscure.(A.D. Mills,  A Dictionary of British Place-Names, rev. ed. Oxford University Press, 2011)-  The modern form of a name can never be assumed to convey its original meaning without early spellings to confirm it, and indeed many names that look equally obvious and easy to interpret prove to have quit e unexpected meanings in the light of the evidence of early records. Thus in England the name Easter is the sheep-fold, Slaughter the creek or channel, and Wool the spring or springs.(A.D. Mills, Oxford Dictionary of British Place Names. Oxford University Press, 2003) Names Ending in -chesterMany place names of British origin consist of a Celtic stem to which has been added an English (or other) suffix. There is the large class of names ending in -chester (or -caster, -cester, etc.). Although the majority of names with this termination refer to former Roman towns or military stations, the ending is not directly derived from the Latin word castra, camp, as is sometimes thought, nor was that term used by the Romans for naming purposes, except for one place in Cumberland (Castra Exploratorum, camp or fort of the scouts). Old English ceaster was adapted from the Latin word by the Anglo-Saxons while they were still on the Continent and was used by them in their new homeland to designate former Roman towns. Not every modern ending in -chester belongs to this class.(John Field, Discovering Place-Names: Their Origins and Meanings, 4th ed., rev. by Margaret Gelling. Shire, 2008)Bill Bryson on British Place Names[N]owhere, of course, are the British more gi fted than with place names. Of the thirty thousand named places in Britain, a good half of them, I would guess, are notable or arresting in some way. There are villages that seem to hide some ancient and possibly dark secret (Husbands Bosworth, Rime Intrinseca, Whiteladies Aston) and villages that sound like characters from a bad nineteenth-century novel (Bradford Peverell, Compton Valence, Langton Herring, Wootton Fitzpaine). There are villages that sound like fertilizers (Hastigrow), shoe deodorizers (Powfoot), breath fresheners (Minto), dog food (Whelpo), toilet cleansers (Potto, Sanahole, Durno), skin complaints (Whiterashes, Sockburn), and even a Scottish spot remover (Sootywells). There are villages that have an attitude problem (Seething, Mockbeggar, Wrangle) and villages of strange phenomena (Meathop, Wigtwizzle, Blubberhouses). There are villages without number whose very names summon forth an image of lazy summer afternoons and butterflies darting in meadows (Winterbourne Abbas, Weston Lullingfields, Theddlethorpe All Saints, Little Missenden). Above all, there are villages almost without number whose names are just endearingly inanePrittlewell, Little Rollright, Chew Magna, Titsey, Woodstock Slop, Lickey End, Stragglethorpe, Yonder Bognie, Nether Wallop, and the practically unbeatable Thornton-le-Beans. (Bury me there!)(Bill Bryson, Notes From a Small Island. William Morrow, 1995) Alternate Spellings: placename, place-name

The entrepreneurial organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The entrepreneurial organization - Essay Example They can only thrive in an environment of relative freedom. Under industrialization, bureaucracy was the dominant form of organization. The factory was designed to produce standardized products; the bureaucracy was designed to produce standardized decisions. Many major corporations of today developed in an industrial society, based on a bureaucratic model of machine-like division of function, routine activity, regularity, seeming permanence, and a long vertical hierarchy. It was a world of mass markets uniform goods and services, and long production lines. During the 1990's, however, the top-down authoritarian management style began yielding to a networking style of management. Horizontal communication in a networked environment is freer and more fluid, with few bureaucratic barriers. In the new style of management, people learn from one another peer to peer, everyone is a resource for everyone else, and each person gets support and assistance from many different directions. In any bureaucratic structure, people tend to feel they cannot change their environment and thus may never seek the information that might change it. In sharp contrast, the new emerging form of organizations supports change, innovation, and individual initiative to an optimal degree. Intrapreneurship simply represents an organizational culture that allows employees flexibility and authority in pursuing and developing new ideas. Intrapreneurship is nothing but entrepreneurship practiced within the context of a large established organization. An intrapreneur is involved in the "venturing" process, that is, in developing a new business inside a corporation from its initial idea until it becomes a viable business. Often an intrapreneur must lead a project with an entrepreneurial vision , willingness of using power , leadership, motivation and ability to overcome resistance and barriers (Johansen, 2002). Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) was a pioneering researcher in the field of entrepreneurship, he studied the role of the entrepreneur as an innovator, i.e., the person who develops a new product, a new market, or new means of production. Schumpeter distinguished between dependent and independent entrepreneurs, the former being those who are connected to an existing company, and the latter being those who start their own companies. Although coined and popularized by Gifford Pinchot in 1985, the term 'intrapreneur' (short for intra-corporate entrepreneur) essentially means what Schumpeter called a dependent entrepreneur. Several factors in organizations can have an influence on intrapreneurship/entrepreneurship. Usually, there are any number of barriers to innovation that can occur in organizations. Among all these factors and barriers, the degree of bureaucratic-style management within an organization can have the most adverse impact on the levels of individual initiative. 2. The Paradigm Shift Bureaucratic-style management is fading from the scene, albeit gradually. Mega corporations may be thriving, nonetheless their internal structures are becoming more geared towards innovation. Once considered a contradiction in terms, corporate intrapreneurship has become widely accepted in successful companies, such as 3M, Intel, and Coca-Cola.Also, in the fiercely competitive world of high

Tax Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tax Law - Essay Example Realized income is the money generated from normal business processes, and also additional cash generating issues like investment earnings. Recognized income entails recognizing revenue which is both received and earned. Revenue is recognized after the occurrence of significant transactions. Credit sales are not recognized income unless the business is adequately sure of getting payments. Return of capital illustrates investment returns that are not viewed as income. It illustrates when the total invested amount, is paid back to the investor. Investors are not taxed in return of capital unless the initial investment value is exceeded. Constructive receipt is applied to illustrate if the cash-basis taxpayer got the gross income. The taxpayer is taxed in the present year if he has adequate control in the determination of whether the income items will be paid. The tax benefit rule explains that if the taxpayer recovers loss and expense which was written off in the last year income, then the included value should be added to the present year’s gross income. Wherewithal to pay concept explains that tax collected must be done when the taxpayer can effectively and efficiently pay it. For example, appreciation in property values should be taxed in the tax transaction. The beneficial concept to the taxpayer is the return of capital concept because it ensures easy recovery of invested amount. The beneficial doctrine to the internal revenue department is the tax benefit rule; because it increases the gross income for taxation purposes.

standard operating procedures

standard operating procedures SOPs Standard Operating Procedures A General Overview Aim This document is not meant to be all encompassing but is designed to give readers an overview as to what should be in a SOP and what a SOP might look like. Background It was common in the past for to be photocopied from a book and notes/scribbles to be added to a method to adapt it to a Laboratorys specific needs. This resulted in analysts using different versions of the same method and obtaining different results. It also hindered the communication of improvements that an individual analyst had made to a method, as it was not known how many copies of a method existed and whether they had all been updated to include the improved method. A way to improve this chaos is to ensure that all methods and procedures shall be documented to the extent necessary to ensure proper implementation and consistency of application. Hence the introduction of the concept of SOPs Standard Operating Procedures. It is sometimes not practical for laboratories to use an SOP which is fully documented specifying each type and individual test procedure. For example, analysis of soil samples for polyaromatic hydrocarbons. It is simpler to write an SOP on the preparation of soil extracts for analysis by gas chromatography and another SOP of a more general nature regarding the analysis of extracts by gas chromatography. Information required for all SOPs All SOPs should contain the following information Authorised by (Someone in the organisation needs to approve the SOP before it can be used)  ·Copy number (A record of the number of copies of an SOP needs to be kept each individual copy has its own number identifies if there are any illicit versions in use ) Page x of y (e.g. Page 1 of 6 appears at the bottom of each page identifies if there are pages missing from a method) Other information may include when the method should be reviewed, individual reference numbers for when an organisation has many SOPs, Issue numbers to identify new versions of a method from old versions of a method which have been withdrawn. To help explain some of the terms below, parts of an SOP involving the analysis of nitrite in water have been reproduced in boxes like this. THESE WILL ONLY BE EXAMPLES AND ARE NOT COMPREHENSIVE. Title Determination of A analyte(s)or measurand(s)}, in C {matrix} using D {principle} Determination of nitrite in water by UV/Visible spectrophotometry Scope Enables a user to see quickly whether the method is appropriate for a desired application (see also the Annex- method validation and measurement uncertainty). the analyte (measurand) which can be determined by the method, the sample matrix from which the analyte (measurand) may be determined, the technique used in the method, the minimum sample size, known interferences which prevent or limit the working of the method, the concentration range of the method.  · The amount of nitrite in an aqueous sample can be determined.  · The detection limit is 0.01 mg dm-3 for a 30 cm3 sample.  · There is a maximum limit of 0.25 mg dm-3 for a 30 cm3 sample. Dilutions can be carried out on the sample to extend the range of analysis.  · Type of sample: Raw and potable waters and sewage effluents.  · Samples that are highly coloured or turbid can cause interference*. * If the alkalinity of the sample is high, such that a pH value of 1.9  ± 0.1 is not attained after the addition of the sulphanilamide reagent (.) then the formation of the azo-dye is affected. *It may be more appropriate to have a separate section for interferences. Warning Safety Precautions handling the samples handling or preparing solvents, reagents, standards, or other materials operation of equipment requirements for special handling environments, e.g. fume cupboards  · N-1-naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride should be regarded as a special hazard. Skin contact with the solid and solution containing it should be avoided.  · Disposable gloves should be worn when handling effluent or sewage samples. Normal precautions to avoid skin contact and/or ingestion should be taken in the handling of all reagents. Definitions Define any unusual terms, use ISO definitions wherever possible. Quote sources. Include chemical formulae/structures if appropriate. Principle Outline the principle by which the analytical technique operates. This section should be written so that a summary of how the method works can be seen quickly. The method is based on the diazotisation of sulphanilamide by nitrite in the presence of phosphoric acid, at pH 1.9, and the subsequent formation of an azo dye with N-1-naphthylethylenediamine. The absorbance of this dye is measured at 540 nm and is related to the nitrite concentration by means of a calibration curve. Reactions Where appropriate to clarifying the working of the method or calculations, include details of any relevant chemical reactions. This may be relevant, e.g. where derivatisation is involved, titrimetry etc.. Reagents Materials List all of the reagents materials, blanks, QC samples and standards and certified reference materials required for the analytical process, identified by letter or number. List: details of any associated hazards including instructions for disposal, appropriate grade of reagent/chemical, specialist suppliers for rare chemicals, need for calibration and QC materials, details of preparation, including need to prepare in advance, containment and storage requirements, shelf life of raw material and prepared reagent, required concentration, noting whether w/v, w/w or v/v, labelling requirements. a. All reagents should be of at least analytical reagent grade. b. Water : In all cases demineralised water shall be used. c. Nitrite Stock forStandard Solution, 1000 mg dm-3 NO2: Weigh out 1.5000 g  ± 0.0050 g of sodium nitrite, (previously dried overnight at 105  ± 5 ° C and stored in a desiccator desiccant silica gel) and transfer quantitativelyto a 1 dm3 Grade A volumetric flask containing approximately 500 cm3 of water (b). Make up to the mark with water (b) and stopper. Shake until all the solid dissolves. Transfer to an appropriately labelled glass bottle and store in the refrigerator. The solution is stable for 1 month. d. Orthophophosphoric acid 85% w/w: e. 2 mg dm-3 Nitrite Standard: Using a Grade A glass pipette, pipette 2 cm3 of 1000 mg dm-3 stock nitrite solution (c) into a 1 dm3 Grade A volumetric flask and make up to volume with water (b). Stopper and shake to mix. Transfer to an appropriately labelled glass bottle, stopper and store in a refrigerator. The solution is stable for 1 week. f. Nitrite Stock for Quality Control Solution 1000 mg dm3 NO2: Ideally the sodium nitrite should be obtained from a different source to that used for the standard. Weigh out 1.5000 g  ± 0.0050 g of sodium nitrite g. Sulphanilamide Reagent: Using a 100 cm3 measuring cylinder, add 50 cm3 of 85% orthophosphoric acid (d) to a 500 cm3 beaker containing 250 cm3 of water (b). Weigh out 20.00 g  ± 0.25 g of sulphanilamide and quantitatively transfer to the beaker. Stir with a glass rod until the solid dissolves. Weigh out 1.00 g  ± 0.10 g of N- 1-naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride and quantitatively transfer to the beaker. Stir with a glass rod until the solid dissolves. Quantitatively transfer the solution to a 500 cm3 volumetric flask and make up to volume with water (b). Stopper the flask and shake to mix. Transfer to an appropriately labelled amber glass bottle and store in the refrigerator. The solution is stable for 1 month. NB Immediately before use, this solution should be brought to room temperature. Points to note from example: Each reagent is uniquely identified so as to avoid confusion. Weigh 20.00 g Indicates that a balance capable of weighing to 2 decimal places is required. 20.00 g  ± 0.25 g Tells the analyst that he needs to be between 19.75 g and 20.25 g. Using a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder Indicates accuracy required for this procedure. Quantitatively transfer Indicates that you need to transfer all the solid with washings to the beaker. Appropriately labelled This might include: Name of reagent, Concentration of reagent, Date reagent made, Expiry date of reagent, Name of analyst who prepared the reagent Most computer systems can be used to produce sheets of labels that suits an individuals and/or organisations needs. Apparatus Equipment Describe in sufficient detail the individual pieces of equipment and how they are connected to enable unambiguous set-up. For glassware include grade where applicable. Include environmental requirements (fume cupboards etc.). a. A {Manufacturers name/model number} UV/Visible spectrophotometer with 10 mm glass cells is used. b. The instrument should be switched on for a minimum of half an hour before the analysis. Set the wavelength to 540 nm. Details of operation of the instrument are given in the instruction manual for the instrument. It may be appropriate to reproduce the relevant parts of the instruction manual in the SOP i.e. how to set up and use the spectrophotometer. This will depend on how easy it is to get access to the manual. Sampling Sample Preparation Include sufficient detail to describe how the test portion is obtained from the sample as received by the laboratory. All information on the precautions to be taken to minimise the risk of contamination of the samples needs to be included. Include information regarding the storage, conditioning and disposal of samples. Many laboratories will write a separate document about the receipt, labelling, storage and disposal of samples to save having to duplicate this information on individual SOPs. Environmental Control List any special environmental conditions and cross reference to safety section, e.g. temperature control. Calibration Identify the critical parts of the analytical process. These will have to be controlled by careful operation and calibration. Cross reference to the relevant sections above. It may be easier to incorporate this section with the analytical procedure section. Include calibration of equipment what needs to be calibrated, how, with what, and how often? It is normally easier to write separate documents to cover the calibration of balances, automatic pipettes, thermometers, refrigerators, freezers and spectrophotometers to save having to put all this information into each SOP. Quality Control Explain the quality control procedures, frequency of quality control checks during batch analysis, pass/fail criteria, action to take in the event of a failure. It may be appropriate to incorporate this section in the analytical procedure section. Analytical Procedure Describe the analytical procedure, cross referencing previous sections as appropriate including reagents (with the appropriate identifier), apparatus and instrumentation. Indicate at which point in the analytical procedure the quality control, and calibration procedures should be performed.  · Use a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder to transfer 30 cm3 of either sample, blank water (.), standard or QC solution to appropriately labelled test tubes. For each batch of samples, one sample should be replicated.  · For effluent samples or samples which are likely to contain significant levels of nitrite, using a glass pipette, pipette 3 cm3 of sample into a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder containing 27 cm3 of water.  · If any of the samples are highly coloured or turbid, prepare a sample blank by transferring 30 cm3 of the appropriate sample to an appropriately labelled test tube and add 1 cm3 of 10% orthophosphoric acid (). Treat as an ordinary sample except that water () is added instead of sulphanilamide reagent (.).  · Using an automatic pipette add 0.75 cm3 of sulphanilamide solution (.) to each tube. Mix immediately by swirling, and allow to stand for at least 30 minutes but no longer than two hours.  · Measure the absorbance of the blank (.) and the standard (.)  · Enter the relevant information in the spectrophotometeric logbook* and check that the absorbance of the standard is within the specified range detailed in the log book. If the absorbance falls outside this range, consult a senior officer before proceeding further.  · Determine the nitrite concentration of the QC solution () and the samples. Plot the concentration recorded for the QC solution (.) on the appropriate quality control chart , together with the date and your initials. If the point does not fall within the set limits, the senior officer in charge must be informed. * Any samples that give concentrations greater than 0.25 mg dm3, must be discarded and the analysis repeated using a diluted sample. Points to note: If any of the samples are highly coloured or turbid. Guidelines on how to handle difficult samples Using an automatic pipette Defines the accuracy that the reagent has to be measured to For effluent samples or samples which are likely to contain significant levels of nitrite Guidelines on how to handle samples whose nitrite concentration will probably exceed the range for the method. Leave the colour to develop for 30 to 60 minutes This implies that the colour development time is important. You will have needed to carry out some checks to show that these times are satisfactory. Any samples that give concentrations greater than 0.25 mg dm-3, must be discarded and the analysis repeated using a diluted sample Only concentrations in the working range of the method should be reported. Consult a senior officer There will always be times when the analyst encounters problems or unknown situations the analyst should be encouraged to seek help from an experienced member of staff. Log Books Information to be recorded in the log book associated with spectrophotometer might include serial number, service dates, calibration checks (e.g. wavelength), repairs (e.g. new lamp). On a daily basis information recorded might include date, name of analyst, analysis (e.g. nitrite), wavelength used, absorbance of blank, concentration and absorbance of standard. At the front of the log book should be sufficient information regarding the nitrite analysis for the operator to determine if there is a problem, e.g. nitrite analysis, wavelength 540 nm, acceptable absorbances of (a) blank 0.000  ± 0.005, (b) 0.25 mg dm-3 nitrite standard 0.250  ± 0.010. Repeatability measurement on the same solution  ± 0.003. Log Books; points to note: Use of a standard, quality control and blank and a replicate sample and recording the information in a log book means that you can demonstrate with reasonable certainty that (a) the reagents were made up correctly, (b) the standards were made up correctly, (c) there was no contamination present, (d) the spectrophotometer was set up correctly and (e) the analysis can be repeated and give a result to within the expected limit. Calculation Lay out the formulae for calculating the results ensuring all terms are clearly defined and derived. Specify requirements for checking, cross reference to QC requirements and indicate how corrections should be dealt with. Reporting Procedures Including Expression Of Results Indicate how results should be reported, including; rounding of numbers; final units. It may be appropriate to indicate the level of associated with the method.  · Results are reported to two significant figures as mg dm-3 Nitrite (NO2) except where the customer has asked for the results to be reported as mg dm-3 Nitrogen in which case the analytical results are multiplied by 14/46. * Where significant dilutions have to be made then a comment about the dilution used should be put on the sheet used to report the results. Precision , accuracy and detection limits  · Spectrophotometric measurements on the same solution must have an absorbance range no greater than  ± 0.003.  · A significant absorbance for a sample is 0.010 (after correction for the blank). A detection limit of 0.01 mg dm-3 (equivalent to an absorbance of approximately 0.010) is quoted for a 30 cm3 sample. This becomes 0.1 mg dm-3 for an effluent sample where the amount of sample taken is 3 cm3.  · Where typical absorbances readings (as listed in the log book) cannot be obtained for the standard, quality control and the blank, then further investigations must be carried out until the cause of the problem is found. * The results obtained for replicate analysis should be monitored, any significant difference ( ± 0.010 mg dm-3 ) should be investigated Literature References References may include operating manuals as well as published methods and standards. This method is based on Method H in the Department of the Environment Standing Committee of Analysts booklet Oxidised Nitrogen in Waters 1981. Annex Method Validation and Measurement Uncertainty Methods should be supported by experimental data providing information on accuracy, precision and selectivity . The major sources of uncertainty, relating to the method should be identified and the assigned values listed. The overall uncertainty should be listed together with an explanation of how it was derived. In the case of the nitrite method that was based on a published method, the validation work involved: Reproducibility showing comparable results were obtained. Repeatability showing in the results obtained for a known sample measured five times on the same day. Making up a set of 5 standards to show that the calibration was linear for the range 0.01 to 0.25 mg dm-3 NO2. Checking the detection limit using spiked samples . Checking that the time interval quoted for the colour development time was correct and non-critical within the stated range. We also looked at the method to identify major causes of variation in results e.g. measuring the sample volume with a measuring cylinder. We found that the biggest variation was in different analysts making up the same standard solutions hence the need to define an acceptable absorbance range for the standard.

Handle information in health and social care setting Essay

Outcome 1 Understand the need for secure handling of information in health and social care Identify the legislation that relates to the recording, storage and sharing of information in health and social care The Data Protection Act 1998 covers anything relating to a person, medical records, social service records, credit information, local authority information. There are eight enforceable principles: Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully Adequate, relevant and not excessive Accurate Not kept for longer than necessary Process in accordance with the data subject rights Not transferred to countries without adequate protection The Data protection Act also allows people to see information recorded about them through the Freedom of Information Act 2000, therefore people are allowed to see their social care files, this is important to know when entering information in people’s notes. The ICO Information Commissioner’s Office is responsible for upholding information rights in the public interest. Explain why it is important to have secure systems for recording and storing information in a health and social care setting Information on Care homes and in house information is valuable and critical to the business of the home. This information must be stored and processed therefore it is essential that Information Security is maintained. The purpose of information security is to preserve: Confidentiality data is only access by those with the right to see them. Integrity information can be relied upon to be accurate and process correctly. Availability information can be accessed when needed. Insecure information can lead to violation of an individual’s human civil  rights that may results in neglect/or physical, sexual, emotional or financial harm. Manual system of recording information has to secure so they are usually kept in a locked cabinet and may be in a secure room. Outcome 2 Know how to access support for handling information Describe how to access guidance, information and advice about handling information The first place to look for guidance and advice is the supervisor with regards to information in the work place. If you require information about a person, then that person’s care plan would be ideal. Information about legislation to ensure that you are complying with the law, them the Information Commissioner’s Office is the place to contact. Explain what actions to be taken when there are concerns over the recording, storing or sharing of information If there is a concern relating to people’s records, the concern should be directed to the manager who is in the position to deal with the concern. For taking a concern further that has not being resolved, the concern needs to be : Put in writing Be clear about dates, times and the exact nature of the concern Identify the steps that have already been taken and the response Involve trade union or professional organisation for support The steps for resolving concerns: Discuss with line manager Record the concerns and take it to a more senior manager Take it to director or chief executive Take it to the inspectorate You are protected from unfair dismissal by an employer through the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 if your concern relates to the employer. Outcome 3 Be able to handle information in accordance with agreed ways of working Keep records that are up to date, complete, accurate and legible Records should provide objective, accurate, current, comprehensive and concise information concerning the condition and care of the client. The records kept should reflect an accurate and up to date picture of somebody’s situation. Records are kept to: Provide a full assessment of the client’s  needs Provide record of any problems and the actions taken Provide evidence of care required Provide a baseline record against which improvement or deterioration may be judged Records should le after be made as soon as possible after the event providing current information on the care and condition of the person. Follow agreed ways of working for: Recording information Good recording of information supports good practice in a number of ways. Supports effective partnership with users and carers, provides documented evidence and account of the department involvement with an individual, support risk assessment and risk management plans. The principles for recording:- Service users and carers are helped to understand the purpose and contents of their case record and are invited to contribute to it. Case records will be kept in accordance with Department of health guidance and legal requirements. Storing information A care plan contains valuable information about a person in care and this information has to be stored. All documents are stored according to legal, organisational and ethical standards. Some information can be stored and displayed openly, i.e. menus can be stored in a kitchen. Documents, such as care plans, medication sheets, and employee files need to be stored in locked cupboards in locked rooms to deny access to those who have no right to the information. Sharing information  the home has a general duty in common law to safeguard the sensitive information they hold of individual’s. The home should have a clear policy on the Data Protection Act which staff should adhere to. It is important that staff should pay particular attention to ensuring consent to share information is clearly recorded on file. Where it has been necessary to  share information without consent then the justification should be recorded and authorised by the line manager. There are different reasons for sharing personal information without consent:- Court or tribunal orders A person’s best interest Risk to health Police request Public interest Protection to others Partner agencies providing support. It is important that you know the policies of the care organisation with regards to confidentiality and the disclosure of information in your workplace. The basic rule is that all information is confidential and cannot be shared with anyone without the consent of the person.

Instant Solutions to Business Management Essay Topics

Instant Solutions to Business Management Essay Topics Make certain that the essay does not have any spelling or punctuation errors. In order to specify if entrepreneurship is best for you, it's important that you answer these questions, and answer them honestly. Our panel of experts is quite thorough concerning the things that are essential for the thesis. Our essay package comprises a custom written paper to fulfill your specification and we include completely free revisions. Ford also reasoned he could lower the time spent on each individual task if his workers didn't need to go from one assembly to the next. The company model is crucial. Job enlargement method to give to an employee a number of tasks to avoid him be bored on doing precisely the same thing consistently. List some methods a business could utilize to identify (and prevent) the chance of bankruptcy. For those franchises, you're the proprietor or manager of that so you can make the managerial decisions easi ly. You are also able to get a wide selection of resources on several different topics from academic sites. Citations and extracts from several sources have to be formatted properly. Attracting additional funding from the banks could be an alternative, but it's hardly true for the new establishment. Starting your own company normally requires a substantial investment. Case Study TWOMac Tools franchise The ideal approach to expand the business is by way of franchising because to expand its own company is via franchising with more sources. Being a fresher investor, one needs to begin with the little small business. The cost of an essay rides on the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. Of course, when you're working on a lengthy research paper, it might be a prudent idea to sum up the key points you've already analyzed just to make certain you and the reader are still on precisely the same page. The author should comprehend what the essay title or question is asking them to deal with. Our writers follow all the instructions that are necessary for the last essay. Technology companies developed ways to control the `scrum' of work and organize loose networks of workers and stakeholders, as a way to coordinate a wide variety of activities. Some claim that the Naz Electronic Plaza is currently also part of the Electronic Market. Style of management still affected by the culture of a nation, however, all styles of management may be used effectively with a superior manager. Qualified management stays the essential part of success of any little organization. When you run your own company, you're in charge of the direction that the business goes, and you are in charge of your own future. Employees should have the option of joining public unions. The motivation is quite crucial point in the entity, because if employees won't be satisfied they won't do their work at the maximal quality or even won't get to the output target, therefore it is essential for the line manager to talk and motivate staff and help where it's essential to continue to keep his employees at high degree of motivation. If a business is succeeding in what they do, it usually means that the company is generating more profit and more profit can result in a better lifestyle. On the flip side, among the biggest threats to our company is opening of branded franchise restaurants. Thus, it is expected to grow. Small businesses create the most significant portion of new work in the natio n. Managers should behave with integrity to be able to build trust and a trustworthy rapport. Leading is my thing, I wish to be a wonderful leader and modify the ways of managers everywhere. Ensures workers possess the resources to finish their work. Many customers wind up working with exactly the same writer for many assignments and we hope you will do the exact same.

What Is an Extensive Property

The two types of physical properties of matter are intensive properties and extensive properties. Extensive Property Definition An extensive property is a property of matter that changes as the amount of matter changes. Like other physical properties, an extensive property may be observed and measured without any chemical change (reaction) occurring. Extensive Property Examples Mass and volume are extensive properties. As more matter is added to a system, both mass and volume changes. Extensive Versus Intensive Properties In contrast to extensive properties, intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter in a sample. They are the same whether youre looking at a large amount of material or tiny quantity. An example of an intensive property is electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity of a wire depends on its composition, not the length of the wire. Density and solubility are two other examples of intensive properties.